What is the estimated writing period for the Gospel of John?

The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written between 90 and 110 CE. This timeframe is generally supported by biblical scholars due to several factors, including the historical context, theological development, and literary style found in the text. The Gospel presents a mature understanding of Jesus’ identity and mission, reflecting theological themes that were likely developed in the later stages of early Christian thought, which aligns with the latter end of the 1st century.

Moreover, external evidence from early church writings also suggests that the Gospel was recognized and used in Christian communities during this period, which supports the notion of its composition date being closer to the end of the 1st century. This time also allows for reflective theological input, as the author may have been addressing the needs and challenges faced by a more established Christian community, particularly in relation to the rising tensions with Jewish authorities and other religious movements of the time.

The other options suggest earlier dates that do not align as well with the textual and contextual analysis of the Gospel. The historical events, the development of church structure, and the mentioned theological advancements indicate a later authorship for the Gospel of John.